Kev txhais ntawm Turbidity

Turbidity yog ib qho kev kho qhov muag uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb nrog cov khoom tshem tawm hauv cov tshuaj, feem ntau yog dej. Cov khoom raug tshem tawm, xws li sediment, av nplaum, algae, organic teeb meem, thiab lwm yam kab mob microbial, tawg lub teeb hla ntawm cov qauv dej. Kev tawg ntawm lub teeb los ntawm cov khoom raug tshem tawm hauv cov tshuaj aqueous no ua rau muaj turbidity, uas qhia txog qib uas lub teeb cuam tshuam thaum hla dej txheej. Turbidity tsis yog ib qho Performance index los qhia ncaj qha rau cov concentration ntawm cov khoom raug tshem tawm hauv cov kua. Nws tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam qhov concentration ntawm cov khoom tshem tawm los ntawm kev piav qhia ntawm lub teeb tawg ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom tshem tawm hauv cov tshuaj. Qhov ntau dua qhov siv ntawm tawg tawg, qhov ntau dua qhov turbidity ntawm cov kua dej aqueous.
Turbidity Determination Method
Turbidity yog ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag ntawm cov qauv dej thiab yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov muaj cov tshuaj insoluble hauv dej, uas ua rau lub teeb tawg thiab nqus es tsis dhau los ntawm cov qauv dej hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim. Nws yog ib qho kev qhia uas qhia txog lub cev lub cev ntawm cov dej ntuj thiab cov dej haus. Nws yog siv los qhia qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov dej los yog turbidity, thiab nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntsuas ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm cov dej zoo.
Lub turbidity ntawm tej yam ntuj tso dej yog tshwm sim los ntawm zoo tshem tawm cov teeb meem xws li cov av nplaum, nplua organic thiab inorganic teeb meem, soluble xim organic teeb meem, thiab plankton thiab lwm yam kab mob nyob rau hauv dej. Cov tshuaj raug tshem tawm no tuaj yeem nqus cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, yog li tsis muaj turbidity yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov dej tua kab mob tua kab mob thiab cov kab mob, uas yog qhov tsim nyog los xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov dej. Yog li ntawd, cov dej hauv nruab nrab nrog cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum sib zog ua kom cov dej tsis muaj turbidity li sai tau. Lub turbidity ntawm lub Hoobkas dej yog tsawg, uas yog qhov zoo los txo cov ntxhiab thiab saj ntawm chlorinated dej; Nws muaj txiaj ntsig los tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab lwm yam kab mob. Kev tswj kom tsis muaj turbidity thoob plaws hauv cov dej faib dej ua rau muaj qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine seem.
Lub turbidity ntawm kais dej yuav tsum tau qhia nyob rau hauv tawg ntho turbidity unit NTU, uas yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 3NTU, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob tshaj 5NTU nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob. Lub turbidity ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem dej kuj tseem ceeb. Cov nroj tsuag dej haus, cov chaw ua zaub mov, thiab cov chaw kho dej uas siv cov dej saum npoo av feem ntau vam khom coagulation, sedimentation, thiab pom kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom txaus siab.
Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm turbidity thiab qhov loj concentration ntawm tshem tawm cov teeb meem, vim hais tias qhov luaj li cas, zoo, thiab refractive index ntawm hais kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lub optical zog ntawm lub ncua kev kawm ntawv. Thaum ntsuas turbidity, tag nrho cov iav hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov qauv yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw huv. Tom qab ntxuav nrog hydrochloric acid los yog surfactant, yaug nrog dej ntshiab thiab ntws. Cov qauv raug coj mus rau hauv iav vials nrog stoppers. Tom qab kuaj, qee cov khoom raug tshem tawm tuaj yeem ua rau nag thiab coagulate thaum muab tso rau, thiab tsis tuaj yeem rov qab los tom qab kev laus, thiab cov kab mob kuj tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov khoom ntawm cov khib nyiab, yog li nws yuav tsum tau ntsuas kom sai li sai tau. Yog tias tsim nyog, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob sib cuag nrog huab cua, thiab yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv chav txias tsaus, tab sis tsis pub tshaj 24 teev. Yog tias cov qauv khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw txias, rov qab mus rau chav sov ua ntej ntsuas.
Tam sim no, cov hauv qab no yog siv los ntsuas qhov turbidity ntawm dej:
(1) Hom kis tau tus mob (xws li spectrophotometer thiab kev pom kev pom): Raws li Lambert-Beer txoj cai, turbidity ntawm cov qauv dej yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv ntawm lub teeb kis, thiab qhov tsis zoo logarithm ntawm turbidity ntawm cov qauv dej thiab lub teeb. transmittance yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Linear kev sib raug zoo, lub siab dua lub turbidity, qhov qis dua lub teeb transmittance. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm daj nyob rau hauv cov dej ntuj, cov dej ntawm cov pas dej thiab cov reservoirs kuj muaj cov organic teeb-absorbing tshuaj xws li algae, uas kuj cuam tshuam rau kev ntsuas. Xaiv 680rim wavelength kom tsis txhob daj thiab ntsuab cuam tshuam.
(2) Scattering turbidimeter: Raws li Rayleigh (Rayleigh) formula (Ir/Io = KD, h yog qhov sib zog ntawm lub teeb tawg, 10 yog qhov siv ntawm tib neeg hluav taws xob), ntsuas qhov siv ntawm lub teeb tawg ntawm ib lub kaum ntse ntse kom ua tiav kev txiav txim ntawm cov qauv dej lub hom phiaj ntawm turbidity. Thaum lub teeb pom kev tshwm sim tawg los ntawm cov khoom uas muaj qhov loj me ntawm 1/15 txog 1/20 ntawm lub teeb ntawm qhov teeb meem, qhov kev siv zog ua raws li Rayleigh formula, thiab cov khoom uas muaj qhov loj me dua 1/2 ntawm lub wavelength. ntawm qhov teeb meem teeb pom kev kaj. Ob qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm Ir∝D, thiab lub teeb ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 90 degrees feem ntau yog siv los ua lub teeb pom kev zoo los ntsuas qhov turbidity.
(3) Scattering-transmission turbidity meter: siv Ir / It = KD lossis Ir / (Ir + Nws) = KD (Ir yog qhov siv hluav taws xob tawg tawg, Nws yog qhov siv hluav taws xob sib kis) los ntsuas qhov sib kis ntawm lub teeb thiab reflected light Thiab, los ntsuas qhov turbidity ntawm tus qauv. Vim hais tias qhov kev siv ntawm kev sib kis thiab tawg tawg yog ntsuas tib lub sijhawm, nws muaj qhov rhiab heev dua nyob rau hauv tib qhov teeb meem teeb pom kev zoo.
Ntawm cov saum toj no peb txoj kev, qhov tawg-kis turbidimeter zoo dua, nrog siab rhiab heev, thiab chromaticity hauv cov qauv dej tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas. Txawm li cas los xij, vim qhov nyuaj ntawm qhov ntsuas thiab tus nqi siab, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev txhawb nqa thiab siv nws hauv G. Txoj kev pom pom tau zoo heev los ntawm kev kawm. G Qhov tseeb, qhov ntsuas ntawm turbidity feem ntau yog siv lub ntsuas turbidity tawg. Lub turbidity ntawm cov dej feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm tej yam xws li sediment nyob rau hauv dej, thiab kev siv ntawm tawg tawg lub teeb yog ntau dua li ntawm absorbed lub teeb. Yog li ntawd, lub turbidity meter yog rhiab tshaj qhov kis tau tus mob turbidity meter. Thiab vim hais tias qhov tawg-hom turbidimeter siv lub teeb dawb ua lub teeb ci, qhov ntsuas ntawm cov qauv yog ze rau qhov tseeb, tab sis cov chromaticity cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas.
Lub turbidity yog ntsuas los ntawm txoj kev ntsuas lub teeb tawg. Raws li ISO 7027-1984 tus qauv, turbidity meter uas ua tau raws li cov hauv qab no yuav tsum tau siv:
(1) Lub wavelength λ ntawm qhov teeb meem teeb meem yog 860nm;
(2) Qhov xwm txheej spectral bandwidth △λ tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 60nm;
(3) Lub teeb pom kev sib luag tsis sib txawv, thiab ib qho kev ua kom pom tseeb tsis tshaj 1.5 °;
(4) Lub kaum sab xis ntsuas θ nruab nrab ntawm qhov chaw kho qhov muag ntawm qhov teeb meem teeb meem thiab qhov muag pom ntawm lub teeb tawg yog 90 ± 25 °
(5) Lub kaum sab xis qhib ωθ hauv dej yog 20 ° ~ 30 °.
thiab tau yuam kom tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig hauv cov chav nyob hauv formazin turbidity
① Thaum cov turbidity tsawg dua 1 formazin scattering turbidity unit, nws yog qhov tseeb rau 0.01 formazin scattering turbidity unit;
②Thaum lub turbidity yog 1-10 formazin scattering turbidity units, nws yog tseeb rau 0.1 formazin scattering turbidity units;
③ Thaum lub turbidity yog 10-100 formazin scattering turbidity units, nws yog tseeb rau 1 formazin scattering turbidity unit;
④ Thaum cov turbidity ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 100 formazin scattering turbidity units, nws yuav tsum raug rau 10 formazin scattering turbidity units.
1.3.1 Cov dej tsis muaj turbidity yuav tsum tau siv rau cov qauv dilution lossis cov qauv dej diluted. Txoj kev npaj ntawm turbidity-free dej yog raws li nram no: hla distilled dej los ntawm ib tug membrane lim nrog ib tug pore loj ntawm 0.2 μm (lub lim membrane siv rau kev kuaj kab mob tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau), yaug lub hwj rau sau nrog lim dej yam tsawg kawg nkaus. ob zaug, thiab pov tseg tom ntej 200 mL. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv dej distilled yog los txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv ion-pauv dej ntshiab ntawm kev txiav txim siab, thiab txo qis kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov dej ntshiab.
1.3.2 Hydrazine sulfate thiab hexamethylenetetramine tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv silica gel desiccator hmo ntuj ua ntej hnyav.
1.3.3 Thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 12-37 ° C, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub cim ntawm (formazin) turbidity, thiab tsis muaj polymer yog tsim thaum kub tsawg tshaj li 5 ° C. Yog li ntawd, kev npaj ntawm formazin turbidity txheem Tshuag tov yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ib txwm chav tsev kub. Tab sis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub tsis tshua muaj, qhov ncua kev kawm tau yooj yim absorbed los ntawm cov iav, thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog siab dhau, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tus qauv tus nqi siab turbidity poob. Yog li ntawd, qhov tsim kub ntawm formazin yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tswj ntawm 25 ± 3 ° C. Lub sij hawm tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hydrazine sulfate thiab hexamethylenetetramine yuav luag tiav hauv 16 teev, thiab cov turbidity ntawm cov khoom mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws tom qab 24 teev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 24 thiab 96 teev. tus
1.3.4 Rau kev tsim cov formazin, thaum pH ntawm cov tshuaj aqueous yog 5.3-5.4, cov khoom yog lub nplhaib-zoo li tus, zoo thiab zoo li qub; thaum pH yog txog 6.0, cov hais yog zoo thiab ntom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm reed paj thiab flocs; Thaum pH yog 6.6, loj, nruab nrab thiab me me snowflake zoo li hais.
1.3.5 Cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem nrog turbidity ntawm 400 degrees tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ib hlis (txawm tias ib nrab xyoo hauv lub tub yees), thiab cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem nrog turbidity ntawm 5-100 degrees yuav tsis hloov hauv ib lub lis piam.