Kev tshuaj xyuas hauv cov chaw kho dej phwj yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb heev. Cov txiaj ntsig kev soj ntsuam yog lub hauv paus rau kev tswj dej phwj tuaj. Yog li ntawd, qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsom xam yog xav tau heev. Qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj ntawm qhov system raug thiab tsim nyog!
1. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj oxygen xav tau (CODcr)
Tshuaj lom neeg xav tau oxygen: hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov oxidant noj thaum poov tshuaj dichromate siv los ua oxidant los kho cov qauv dej hauv cov kua qaub thiab cua sov, chav tsev yog mg / L. Hauv kuv lub tebchaws, txoj kev potassium dichromate feem ntau yog siv los ua lub hauv paus. cov
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Hauv cov kua qaub muaj zog, ib qho nyiaj ntawm cov poov tshuaj dichromate yog siv los oxidize cov tshuaj txo qis hauv cov qauv dej. Cov poov tshuaj dichromate ntau dhau yog siv los ua qhov taw qhia thiab ferrous ammonium sulfate tov yog siv los ntws rov qab. Xam cov pa oxygen noj los ntawm kev txo cov khoom hauv cov qauv dej raws li cov nyiaj ferrous ammonium sulfate siv. cov
2. Cov cuab yeej
(1) Reflux ntaus ntawv: ib qho tag nrho-iav reflux ntaus ntawv nrog 250ml conical flask (yog hais tias tus sampling ntim ntau tshaj 30ml, siv ib tug tag nrho-iav reflux ntaus ntawv nrog ib tug 500ml conical flask). cov
(2) Cov khoom siv cua sov: hluav taws xob cua sov phaj lossis hluav taws xob sib txawv. cov
(3) 50 ml ntawm acid titrant. cov
3. Reagents
(1) Potassium dichromate standard tov (1/6 = 0.2500mol/L:) Nyhav 12.258g ntawm tus qauv los yog superior qib ntshiab poov tshuaj dichromate uas tau qhuav ntawm 120 ° C rau 2 teev, yaj nyob rau hauv dej, thiab hloov mus rau ib 1000ml volumetric hwj. Dilute rau lub cim thiab co zoo. cov
(2) Test ferrousin indicator solution: Nyhav 1.485g ntawm phenanthroline, yaj 0.695g ntawm ferrous sulfate hauv dej, dilute mus rau 100ml, thiab cia rau hauv ib lub raj mis xim av. cov
(3) Ferrous ammonium sulfate txheem tov: hnyav 39.5g ntawm ferrous ammonium sulfate thiab yaj hauv dej. Thaum stirring, maj mam ntxiv 20ml ntawm concentrated sulfuric acid. Tom qab txias, hloov mus rau 1000ml volumetric hwj, ntxiv dej kom dilute rau lub cim, thiab co zoo. Ua ntej siv, calibrate nrog poov tshuaj dichromate txheem tov. cov
Calibration method: Yog nqus tau 10.00ml potassium dichromate txheem tov thiab 500ml Erlenmeyer hwj, ntxiv dej kom dilute mus txog 110ml, maj mam ntxiv 30ml concentrated sulfuric acid, thiab sib tov. Tom qab txias, ntxiv peb tee ntawm ferroline qhov taw qhia kev daws teeb meem (li 0.15ml) thiab titrate nrog ferrous ammonium sulfate. Cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov los ntawm daj mus rau xiav-ntsuab rau reddish xim av thiab yog qhov kawg taw tes. cov
C[(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2] = 0.2500 × 10.00/V
Hauv cov mis, c - qhov concentration ntawm ferrous ammonium sulfate txheem tov (mol / L); V-qhov ntau npaum ntawm ferrous ammonium sulfate txheem titration tov (ml). cov
(4) Sulfuric acid-silver sulfate tov: Ntxiv 25g ntawm nyiaj sulfate rau 2500ml ntawm concentrated sulfuric acid. Tso nws rau 1-2 hnub thiab co nws ib ntus kom yaj (yog tias tsis muaj 2500ml thawv, ntxiv 5g nyiaj sulfate rau 500ml concentrated sulfuric acid). cov
(5) Mercury sulfate: siv lead ua los yog hmoov. cov
4. Tej yam yuav tsum nco ntsoov
(1) Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tshuaj chloride ions tuaj yeem ua kom yooj yim siv 0.4g ntawm mercury sulfate tuaj yeem ncav cuag 40mL. Piv txwv li, yog tias 20.00mL dej coj mus kuaj, nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov qauv dej uas muaj cov tshuaj chloride ion siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2000mg / L. Yog tias cov tshuaj chloride ion concentration tsawg, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov mercury sulfate tsawg dua los tswj cov mercury sulfate: chloride ion = 10: 1 (W / W). Yog tias me me ntawm mercury chloride precipitates, nws tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ntsuas. cov
(2) Cov qauv tshem tawm cov dej ntim tuaj yeem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10.00-50.00mL, tab sis cov tshuaj reagent thiab concentration tuaj yeem hloov kho raws li tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. cov
(3) Rau cov qauv dej nrog cov tshuaj oxygen xav tau tsawg dua 50mol / L, nws yuav tsum yog 0.0250mol / L poov tshuaj dichromate txheem tov. Thaum rov qab los, siv 0.01 / L ferrous ammonium sulfate txheem tov. cov
(4) Tom qab cov qauv dej tau rhuab thiab refluxed, qhov seem ntawm cov poov tshuaj dichromate hauv cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog 1/5-4/5 ntawm qhov me me ntxiv. cov
(5) Thaum siv cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem ntawm poov tshuaj hydrogen phthalate los ntsuas qhov zoo thiab kev siv tshuab ntawm cov reagent, txij li qhov theoretical CODCr ib gram ntawm potassium hydrogen phthalate yog 1.167g, yaj 0.4251L potassium hydrogen phthalate thiab ob-distilled dej. , hloov nws mus rau 1000mL volumetric hwj, thiab dilute rau lub cim nrog ob-distilled dej kom nws 500mg / L CODCr txheem tov. Npaj tshiab thaum siv. cov
(6) Kev ntsuas ntsuas ntawm CODCr yuav tsum khaws peb qhov tseem ceeb. cov
(7) Nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev sim, ferrous ammonium sulfate txheem titration tov yuav tsum tau calibrated, thiab tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv nws concentration thaum lub chav tsev kub siab. cov
5. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov khoom siv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej sib npaug. cov
(2) Siv 3 lub qhov ncauj hauv av Erlenmeyer khob, suav nrog 0, 1, thiab 2; ntxiv 6 iav hlaws rau txhua qhov ntawm 3 Erlenmeyer flasks. cov
(3) Ntxiv 20 mL ntawm cov dej distilled rau No. 0 Erlenmeyer hwj (siv roj pipette); Ntxiv 5 mL ntawm cov qauv dej pub rau No. 1 Erlenmeyer flask (siv 5 mL pipette, thiab siv dej pub rau yaug lub pipette). raj 3 zaug), tom qab ntawd ntxiv 15 mL dej distilled (siv roj pipette); Ntxiv 20 mL ntawm cov qauv effluent mus rau No. 2 Erlenmeyer flask (siv lub roj pipette, yaug lub pipette 3 zaug nrog dej los). cov
(4) Ntxiv 10 mL ntawm poov tshuaj dichromate uas tsis yog-tus qauv tov rau txhua tus ntawm 3 Erlenmeyer flasks (siv ib 10 mL poov tshuaj dichromate non-standard tov pipette, thiab yaug lub pipette 3 nrog poov tshuaj dichromate uas tsis yog-standard tov). . cov
(5) Muab lub lauj kaub Erlenmeyer tso rau ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, tom qab ntawd qhib cov kav dej kais dej kom ntim cov raj dej condenser nrog dej (tsis txhob qhib lub kais dej loj heev, raws li kev paub dhau los). cov
(6) Ntxiv 30 mL nyiaj sulfate (siv 25 mL me me ntsuas lub tog raj kheej) rau hauv peb Erlenmeyer flasks los ntawm sab sauv ntawm lub condenser raj, thiab ces co lub peb Erlenmeyer flasks tusyees. cov
(7) Txuas lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, pib lub sijhawm los ntawm boiling, thiab cua sov rau 2 teev. cov
(8) Tom qab cua sov ua tiav, tshem tawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cia nws txias rau lub sijhawm (ntev npaum li cas nyob ntawm kev paub). cov
(9) Ntxiv 90 mL ntawm cov dej distilled los ntawm sab sauv ntawm lub condenser raj rau peb Erlenmeyer flasks (yog vim li cas rau ntxiv dej distilled: 1. Ntxiv dej los ntawm lub condenser raj kom tso cai rau cov dej seem nyob rau hauv lub puab phab ntsa ntawm lub condenser. raj kom ntws mus rau hauv lub raj mis Erlenmeyer thaum lub sij hawm cua sov kom txo tau qhov yuam kev .2. cov
(10) Tom qab ntxiv dej distilled, cua sov yuav tawm. Tshem lub hwj Erlenmeyer thiab txias nws. cov
(11) Tom qab txias tag, ntxiv 3 tee ntawm qhov ntsuas ferrous rau txhua ntawm peb Erlenmeyer flasks, thiab ces co lub peb Erlenmeyer flasks tusyees. cov
(12) Titrate nrog ferrous ammonium sulfate. Cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov los ntawm daj mus rau xiav-ntsuab rau reddish xim av raws li qhov kawg taw tes. (Ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev siv cov burettes tsis siv neeg tag nrho. Tom qab titration, nco ntsoov nyeem thiab nce qib ntawm cov kua tsis siv neeg burette mus rau qib siab tshaj ua ntej mus rau titration tom ntej). cov
(13) Sau cov ntawv nyeem thiab suav cov txiaj ntsig. cov
2. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm biochemical oxygen xav tau (BOD5)
Cov dej phwj hauv tsev thiab cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev muaj ntau yam khoom siv organic. Thaum lawv ua paug dej, cov organic teeb meem no yuav haus cov pa oxygen ntau ntau thaum decomposing hauv dej lub cev, yog li rhuav tshem cov pa oxygen hauv lub cev dej thiab ua rau cov dej tsis zoo. Qhov tsis muaj oxygen hauv lub cev dej ua rau cov ntses tuag thiab lwm yam dej hauv dej. cov
Cov organic teeb meem muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev dej yog complex, thiab nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau txiav txim lawv cov Cheebtsam ib tug los ntawm ib tug. Tib neeg feem ntau siv cov pa oxygen uas siv los ntawm cov teeb meem organic hauv dej hauv qee qhov xwm txheej los cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv dej. Biochemical oxygen xav tau yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog hom no. cov
Cov txheej txheem classic ntawm kev ntsuas biochemical oxygen xav tau yog txoj kev dilution inoculation. cov
Cov qauv dej rau kev ntsuas biochemical oxygen xav tau yuav tsum tau ntim thiab ntim rau hauv lub raj mis thaum sau. Khaws ntawm 0-4 degrees Celsius. Feem ntau, kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tsum tau ua hauv 6 teev. Yog xav tau kev thauj mus los ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm khaws cia yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj 24 teev. cov
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Biochemical oxygen xav tau yog hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov pa oxygen uas tau siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm cov kab mob uas decomposing tej yam oxidizable, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov organic teeb meem, nyob rau hauv cov dej raws li cov kev cai. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lom oxidation yuav siv sij hawm ntev. Piv txwv li, thaum kab lis kev cai ntawm 20 degrees Celsius, nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau tshaj 100 hnub los ua kom tiav cov txheej txheem. Tam sim no, nws feem ntau tau muab tshuaj rau hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws rau incubate rau 5 hnub ntawm 20 ntxiv lossis rho tawm 1 degree Celsius, thiab ntsuas cov pa oxygen yaj ntawm cov qauv ua ntej thiab tom qab incubation. Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob yog tus nqi BOD5, qhia hauv milligrams / litre ntawm oxygen. cov
Rau qee qhov dej saum npoo av thiab cov dej khib nyiab feem ntau, vim tias nws muaj ntau cov organic teeb meem, nws yuav tsum tau diluted ua ntej kab lis kev cai thiab kev ntsuas kom txo nws cov concentration thiab xyuas kom txaus cov pa oxygen. Lub degree ntawm dilution yuav tsum yog xws li hais tias cov pa yaj nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai yog ntau tshaj 2 mg / L, thiab cov seem yaj oxygen yog ntau tshaj 1 mg / L. cov
Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov pa oxygen txaus txaus tom qab cov qauv dej tau diluted, cov dej diluted feem ntau yog aerated nrog huab cua, kom cov pa yaj hauv cov dej diluted ze rau saturation. Ib qho nyiaj ntawm cov as-ham thiab cov khoom tsis zoo yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau hauv cov dej dilution kom ntseeg tau tias kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. cov
Rau cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cov kab mob me me lossis tsis muaj kab mob, suav nrog cov dej khib nyiab, cov dej khib nyiab alkaline, cov dej khib nyiab kub lossis cov dej khib nyiab chlorinated, yuav tsum tau ua thaum ntsuas BOD5 los qhia cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem decompose organic teeb meem hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Thaum muaj cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab uas nyuaj rau degraded los ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv cov dej phwj hauv tsev ntawm ib txwm ceev los yog muaj cov tshuaj lom heev, cov kab mob hauv tsev yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau hauv cov qauv dej rau inoculation. Txoj kev no tsim nyog rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov qauv dej nrog BOD5 ntau dua lossis sib npaug ntawm 2mg / L, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws tsis pub tshaj 6000mg / L. Thaum BOD5 ntawm cov qauv dej ntau dua 6000mg / L, qee qhov yuam kev yuav tshwm sim vim yog dilution. cov
2. Cov cuab yeej
(1) Qhov kub thiab txias incubator
(2) 5-20L nqaim lub qhov ncauj iav raj mis. cov
(3) 1000-2000ml ntsuas lub tog raj kheej
(4) Iav nplawm pas nrig: Qhov ntev ntawm tus pas nrig yuav tsum yog 200mm ntev tshaj qhov siab ntawm lub tog raj kheej ntsuas siv. Ib lub phaj roj hmab tawv nrog ib txoj kab me me dua li hauv qab ntawm lub tog raj kheej ntsuas thiab ob peb qhov me me yog tsau rau hauv qab ntawm tus pas nrig. cov
(5) Dissolved oxygen lub raj mis: nruab nrab ntawm 250ml thiab 300ml, nrog rau hauv av iav stopper thiab tswb-puab lub qhov ncauj rau dej muab sealing. cov
(6) Siphon, siv rau kev kuaj dej thiab ntxiv dej dilution. cov
3. Reagents
(1) Phosphate buffer solution: Dissolve 8.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 21.75g dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 33.4 sodium hydrogen phosphate heptahydrate thiab 1.7g ammonium chloride hauv dej thiab dilute rau 1000ml. pH ntawm cov tshuaj no yuav tsum yog 7.2
(2) Magnesium sulfate tov: Dissolve 22.5g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate hauv dej thiab dilute rau 1000ml. cov
(3) Calcium chloride tov: Dissolve 27.5% anhydrous calcium chloride hauv dej thiab dilute rau 1000ml. cov
(4) Ferric chloride tov: Dissolve 0.25g ferric chloride hexahydrate hauv dej thiab dilute rau 1000ml. cov
(5) Hydrochloric acid tov: Dissolve 40ml hydrochloric acid hauv dej thiab dilute mus rau 1000ml.
(6) Sodium hydroxide tov: Dissolve 20g sodium hydroxide hauv dej thiab dilute rau 1000ml
(7) Sodium sulfite tov: Dissolve 1.575g sodium sulfite hauv dej thiab dilute rau 1000ml. Cov tshuaj no tsis ruaj khov thiab yuav tsum tau npaj txhua hnub. cov
(8) Glucose-glutamic acid standard tov: Tom qab ziab cov piam thaj thiab glutamic acid ntawm 103 degrees Celsius rau 1 teev, hnyav 150ml ntawm txhua tus thiab yaj nws hauv dej, hloov mus rau 1000ml ntim ntim thiab dilute rau lub cim, thiab sib tov sib npaug. . Npaj cov txheej txheem no ua ntej siv. cov
(9) Dilution dej: Tus nqi pH ntawm cov dej dilution yuav tsum yog 7.2, thiab nws BOD5 yuav tsum tsawg dua 0.2ml / L. cov
(10) Inoculation tov: Feem ntau, cov dej phwj hauv tsev yog siv, sab laug ntawm chav tsev kub rau ib hnub thiab hmo ntuj, thiab cov supernatant yog siv. cov
(11) Inoculation dilution dej: Siv qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov tshuaj inoculation, ntxiv rau hauv dej dilution, thiab sib tov zoo. Tus nqi ntawm inoculation tov ntxiv rau ib liter ntawm diluted dej yog 1-10ml ntawm cov dej phwj hauv tsev; los yog 20-30ml ntawm deg av exudate; pH tus nqi ntawm inoculation dilution dej yuav tsum yog 7.2. Tus nqi BOD yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 0.3-1.0 mg / L. Lub inoculation dilution dej yuav tsum tau siv tam sim ntawd tom qab kev npaj. cov
4. Kev suav
1. Cov qauv dej coj mus kuaj ncaj qha yam tsis muaj dilution
BOD5 (mg/L) = C1-C2
Nyob rau hauv cov mis: C1 — dissolved oxygen concentration ntawm dej qauv ua ntej kab lis kev cai (mg / L);
C2-Tseem tshuav cov pa oxygen concentration (mg / L) tom qab cov qauv dej tau tsim rau 5 hnub. cov
2. Cov qauv dej coj mus kuaj tom qab dilution
BOD5(mg/L)=[(C1-C2)—(B1-B2)f1]∕f2
Nyob rau hauv cov mis: C1 — dissolved oxygen concentration ntawm dej qauv ua ntej kab lis kev cai (mg / L);
C2-Tseem tshuav cov pa oxygen concentration (mg / L) tom qab 5 hnub ntawm incubation ntawm cov qauv dej;
B1 — Dissolved oxygen concentration ntawm dilution dej (los yog inoculation dilution dej) ua ntej kab lis kev cai (mg / L);
B2 — Dissolved oxygen concentration ntawm dilution dej (los yog inoculation dilution dej) tom qab kab lis kev cai (mg / L);
f1 - Qhov feem ntawm cov dej dilution (los yog inoculation dilution dej) nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai nruab nrab;
f2 —— Qhov feem ntawm cov qauv dej hauv cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab. cov
B1 — Dissolved oxygen ntawm dilution dej ua ntej kab lis kev cai;
B2 - Dissolved oxygen ntawm dilution dej tom qab cog;
f1—Qhov feem ntawm cov dej dilution hauv cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab;
f2 —— Qhov feem ntawm cov qauv dej hauv cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab. cov
Lus Cim: Kev suav ntawm f1 thiab f2: Piv txwv li, yog tias qhov sib piv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai nruab nrab yog 3%, uas yog, 3 feem ntawm cov qauv dej thiab 97 feem ntawm cov dej dilution, ces f1 = 0.97 thiab f2 = 0.03. cov
5. Tej yam yuav tsum nco ntsoov
(1) Cov txheej txheem oxidation lom ntawm cov organic hauv dej tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob theem. Thawj theem yog oxidation ntawm carbon thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem los tsim carbon dioxide thiab dej. Cov theem no yog hu ua carbonization theem. Nws yuav siv li 20 hnub los ua kom tiav cov pa roj carbonization ntawm 20 degrees Celsius. Hauv theem thib ob, cov khoom muaj nitrogen thiab ib feem ntawm cov nitrogen yog oxidized rau nitrite thiab nitrate, uas yog hu ua nitrification theem. Nws yuav siv li 100 hnub los ua kom tiav cov theem nitrification ntawm 20 degrees Celsius. Yog li, thaum ntsuas BOD5 ntawm cov qauv dej, nitrification feem ntau tsis tseem ceeb lossis tsis tshwm sim txhua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov dej ntws tawm los ntawm lub tank kho lom neeg muaj ntau tus kab mob nitrifying. Yog li ntawd, thaum ntsuas BOD5, cov pa oxygen xav tau ntawm qee cov nitrogen-muaj cov tebchaw kuj suav nrog. Rau cov qauv dej zoo li no, nitrification inhibitors tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau inhibit cov txheej txheem nitrification. Rau lub hom phiaj no, 1 ml ntawm propylene thiourea nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 500 mg / L los yog ib tug npaum li cas ntawm 2-chlorozone-6-trichloromethyldine tsau rau sodium chloride yuav muab ntxiv rau txhua liter ntawm diluted dej qauv ua TCMP ntawm lub concentration nyob rau hauv. cov qauv diluted yog kwv yees li 0.5 mg / L. cov
(2) Cov iav iav yuav tsum tau ntxuav kom huv si. Ua ntej soak thiab ntxuav nrog xab npum, ces tsau nrog dilute hydrochloric acid, thiab thaum kawg ntxuav nrog kais dej thiab dej distilled. cov
(3) Txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov dej dilution thiab cov tshuaj inoculum, nrog rau qib kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws kuaj sim, dilute 20ml ntawm qabzib-glutamic acid tus qauv tov nrog inoculation dilution dej mus rau 1000ml, thiab ua raws li cov kauj ruam rau kev ntsuas. BOD 5. Qhov ntsuas BOD5 tus nqi yuav tsum nyob nruab nrab ntawm 180-230mg / L. Txwv tsis pub, xyuas seb puas muaj teeb meem nrog qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj inoculum, dilution dej los yog cov txheej txheem kev khiav hauj lwm. cov
(4) Thaum lub dilution yam ntawm cov qauv dej ntau tshaj 100 zaus, nws yuav tsum tau diluted ua ntej nrog dej nyob rau hauv lub volumetric hwj, thiab ces ib tug tsim nyog npaum li cas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau lub kawg dilution kab lis kev cai. cov
3. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khoom raug tshem tawm (SS)
Suspended solids sawv cev rau tus nqi ntawm undissolved solid matter nyob rau hauv dej. cov
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Qhov ntsuas nkhaus yog tsim nyob rau hauv, thiab qhov nqus ntawm cov qauv ntawm ib lub wavelength tshwj xeeb yog hloov mus rau hauv cov concentration tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas yuav tsum tau ntsuas, thiab tso tawm rau ntawm lub vijtsam LCD. cov
2. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov khoom siv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej sib npaug. cov
(2) Siv 1 lub raj xim xim thiab ntxiv 25 mL ntawm cov qauv dej tuaj, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov dej distilled rau lub cim (vim tias cov dej tuaj SS loj, yog tias tsis diluted, nws yuav dhau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom pov tseg tester) txwv , ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis raug. Ntawm chav kawm, qhov ntsuas qhov ntim ntawm cov dej tuaj yog tsis ruaj. Yog hais tias cov dej tuaj yog qias neeg heev, noj 10mL thiab ntxiv dej distilled rau qhov teev). cov
(3) Tig rau ntawm qhov ntsuas cov khib nyiab, ntxiv cov dej distilled rau 2/3 ntawm lub thawv me me zoo ib yam li lub cuvette, qhuav cov phab ntsa sab nrauv, nias lub pob xaiv thaum tuav, ces muab cov khoom pov tseg pov tseg rau hauv nws, thiab tom qab ntawd nias Nias qhov tseem ceeb nyeem ntawv. Yog tias nws tsis yog xoom, nias tus yuam sij kom tshem tawm qhov ntsuas (tsuas yog ntsuas ib zaug). cov
(4) Ntsuas cov dej nkag SS: Muab cov dej xa tuaj rau hauv lub raj xim xim rau hauv lub thawv me me thiab yaug peb zaug, tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov qauv dej tuaj rau 2/3, qhuav phab ntsa sab nrauv, thiab nias qhov tseem ceeb xaiv thaum tuav. Tom qab ntawd ceev nrooj muab tso rau hauv lub kaw lus kaw tseg, tom qab ntawd nias lub pob nyeem ntawv, ntsuas peb zaug, thiab suav cov nqi nruab nrab. cov
(5) Ntsuas cov dej SS: Co cov qauv dej sib npaug thiab yaug lub thawv me me peb zaug…(Cov qauv yog tib yam li saum toj no)
3. Kev suav
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov dej inlet SS yog: dilution ratio * ntsuas inlet dej qauv nyeem. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hluav taws xob dej SS yog ncaj qha kev ntsuas ntsuas ntawm cov ntsuas dej ntsuas.
4. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm tag nrho cov phosphorus (TP)
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Nyob rau hauv acidic tej yam kev mob, orthophosphate reacts nrog ammonium molybdate thiab poov tshuaj antimonyl tartrate los tsim phosphomolybdenum heteropoly acid, uas yog txo los ntawm txo tus neeg sawv cev ascorbic acid thiab ua ib tug xiav complex, feem ntau yog integrated nrog phosphomolybdenum xiav. cov
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus pom tau qhov concentration ntawm txoj kev no yog 0.01mg / L (qhov concentration sib xws rau absorbance A = 0.01); qhov siab tshaj ntawm kev txiav txim siab yog 0.6mg / L. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsom xam ntawm orthophosphate hauv av, dej phwj hauv tsev thiab cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov tshuaj niaj hnub, phosphate chiv, machined hlau nto phosphating kev kho mob, tshuaj tua kab, hlau, coking thiab lwm yam lag luam. cov
2. Cov cuab yeej
Spectrophotometer
3. Reagents
(1) 1 + 1 sulfuric acid. cov
(2) 10% (m / V) ascorbic acid tov: Dissolve 10g ascorbic acid hauv dej thiab dilute mus rau 100ml. Cov tshuaj yog khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis xim av thiab ruaj khov rau ob peb lub lis piam hauv qhov chaw txias. Yog tias cov xim hloov daj, muab pov tseg thiab remix. cov
(3) Molybdate tov: Dissolve 13g ntawm ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24˙4H2O] hauv 100ml dej. Dissolve 0.35g potassium antimonyl tartrate [K(SbO)C4H4O6˙1/2H2O] hauv 100ml dej. Nyob rau hauv tas li stirring, maj mam ntxiv ammonium molybdate tov rau 300ml (1 + 1) sulfuric acid, ntxiv poov tshuaj antimony tartrate tov thiab sib tov tusyees. Khaws cov tshuaj reagents hauv cov fwj xim av hauv qhov chaw txias. ruaj khov rau tsawg kawg 2 lub hlis. cov
(4) Turbidity-xim xim tov: Sib tov ob ntim ntawm (1 + 1) sulfuric acid thiab ib ntim ntawm 10% (m / V) ascorbic acid tov. Cov tshuaj no yog npaj rau tib hnub. cov
(5) Phosphate Tshuag tov: qhuav poov tshuaj dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) ntawm 110 ° C rau 2 teev thiab cia txias rau hauv lub desiccator. Qhov hnyav 0.217g, yaj nws hauv dej, thiab hloov mus rau 1000ml ntim ntim. Ntxiv 5ml ntawm (1 + 1) sulfuric acid thiab dilute nrog dej rau lub cim. Cov tshuaj no muaj 50.0ug phosphorus ib milliliter. cov
(6) Phosphate standard tov: Siv 10.00ml ntawm phosphate Tshuag tov rau hauv 250ml volumetric hwj, thiab dilute mus rau lub cim nrog dej. Cov tshuaj no muaj 2.00ug phosphorus ib milliliter. Npaj rau kev siv tam sim ntawd. cov
4. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam (tsuas yog ntsuas qhov ntsuas dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob ua piv txwv)
(1) Co cov qauv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob qhov hluav taws xob zoo (cov qauv dej coj los ntawm lub pas dej biochemical yuav tsum tau shaken zoo thiab sab laug rau ib lub sijhawm coj tus supernatant). cov
(2) Siv 3 qhov chaw nres tsheb, ntxiv cov dej distilled rau thawj qhov chaw nres tsheb mus rau cov kab saum toj kawg nkaus; ntxiv 5mL ntawm cov qauv dej mus rau qhov thib ob stoppered scale tube, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov dej distilled mus rau kab sab sauv; qhov thib peb stoppered scale raj Brace plug kawm tiav tube
Soak hauv hydrochloric acid rau 2 teev, los yog txhuam nrog phosphate detergent. cov
(3) Lub cuvette yuav tsum tau soaked nyob rau hauv dilute nitric acid los yog chromic acid ntxuav kua rau ib pliag tom qab siv los tshem tawm cov adsorbed molybdenum xiav colorant. cov
5. Kev txiav txim siab tag nrho nitrogen (TN)
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Hauv cov tshuaj aqueous saum 60 ° C, potassium persulfate decomposes raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv qab no los tsim cov hydrogen ions thiab oxygen. K2S2O8+H2O →2KHSO4+1/2O2KHSO4 →K++HSO4_HSO4 →H++SO42-
Ntxiv sodium hydroxide rau neutralize hydrogen ions thiab ua kom tiav cov decomposition ntawm poov tshuaj persulfate. Nyob rau hauv alkaline nruab nrab ntawm 120 ℃ -124 ℃, siv cov poov tshuaj persulfate ua cov oxidant, tsis tsuas yog cov ammonia nitrogen thiab nitrite nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov qauv dej yuav oxidized rau hauv nitrate, tab sis kuj feem ntau ntawm cov organic nitrogen tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov dej coj mus kuaj. oxidized rau hauv nitrates. Tom qab ntawd siv ultraviolet spectrophotometry los ntsuas qhov nqus ntawm wavelengths ntawm 220nm thiab 275nm feem, thiab xam qhov nqus ntawm nitrate nitrogen raws li cov qauv hauv qab no: A = A220-2A275 los xam tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nitrogen. Nws molar absorption coefficient yog 1.47 × 103
2. Kev cuam tshuam thiab tshem tawm
(1) Thaum cov qauv dej muaj hexavalent chromium ions thiab ferric ions, 1-2 ml ntawm 5% hydroxylamine hydrochloride tov tuaj yeem muab ntxiv kom tshem tawm lawv lub zog ntawm kev ntsuas. cov
(2) Iodide ions thiab bromide ions cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim siab. Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum cov ntsiab lus iodide ion yog 0.2 npaug ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nitrogen. Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum cov ntsiab lus bromide ion yog 3.4 npaug ntawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus nitrogen. cov
(3) Kev cuam tshuam ntawm carbonate thiab bicarbonate ntawm kev txiav txim siab tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ntxiv qee qhov ntawm hydrochloric acid. cov
(4) Sulfate thiab chloride tsis cuam tshuam rau kev txiav txim. cov
3. Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm txoj kev
Txoj kev no tsuas yog tsim nyog rau kev txiav txim siab tag nrho cov nitrogen hauv cov pas dej, pas dej, thiab cov dej ntws. Qhov ntsuas qis qis ntawm txoj kev yog 0.05 mg / L; Qhov siab tshaj ntawm kev txiav txim siab yog 4 mg / L. cov
4. Cov cuab yeej
(1) UV spectrophotometer. cov
(2) Lub tshuab nqus tsev twj tso kua mis los yog lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv tsev. cov
(3) iav raj nrog stopper thiab hauv av qhov ncauj. cov
5. Reagents
(1) Cov dej tsis muaj ammonia, ntxiv 0.1ml concentrated sulfuric acid ib liter dej thiab distilled. Sau cov effluent nyob rau hauv ib lub khob ntim. cov
(2) 20% (m / V) sodium hydroxide: Nyhav 20g ntawm sodium hydroxide, yaj hauv dej tsis muaj ammonia, thiab dilute rau 100ml. cov
(3) Alkaline potassium persulfate tov: Nyhav 40g poov tshuaj persulfate thiab 15g sodium hydroxide, yaj lawv nyob rau hauv dej tsis muaj ammonia, thiab dilute mus rau 1000ml. Cov tshuaj yog khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis polyethylene thiab tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ib lub lim tiam. cov
(4) 1 + 9 hydrochloric acid. cov
(5) Potassium nitrate txheem tov: a. Cov txheej txheem kev daws teeb meem: Nyhav 0.7218g ntawm cov poov tshuaj nitrate uas tau qhuav ntawm 105-110 ° C rau 4 teev, yaj nws hauv dej tsis muaj ammonia, thiab hloov mus rau 1000ml ntim ntim ntim. Cov tshuaj no muaj 100 mg ntawm nitrate nitrogen ib ml. Ntxiv 2ml chloroform ua tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv thiab nws yuav ruaj khov rau tsawg kawg 6 lub hlis. b. Potassium nitrate standard tov: Dilute cov Tshuag tov 10 zaug nrog dej tsis muaj ammonia. Cov tshuaj no muaj 10 mg ntawm nitrate nitrogen ib ml. cov
6. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov khoom siv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej sib npaug. cov
(2) Siv peb 25mL cov hlab ntsha colorimetric (nco ntsoov tias lawv tsis yog cov hlab ntsha loj). Ntxiv cov dej distilled rau thawj lub raj xim xim thiab ntxiv rau cov kab qis qis; ntxiv 1mL ntawm cov qauv dej nkag mus rau ob lub raj xim xim, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv cov dej distilled rau hauv kab qis; ntxiv 2mL ntawm qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej mus rau peb lub raj xim xim, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv dej distilled rau nws. Ntxiv rau qhov kos cim qis. cov
(3) Ntxiv 5 mL ntawm cov poov tshuaj persulfate yooj yim rau peb lub raj xim xim raws li.
(4) Muab peb lub raj xim xim rau hauv lub raj mis yas, thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv lub lauj kaub siab. Ua kev zom zaub mov. cov
(5) Tom qab cua sov, tshem tawm cov gauze thiab cia kom txias ib txwm. cov
(6) Tom qab txias, ntxiv 1 mL ntawm 1 + 9 hydrochloric acid rau txhua ntawm peb cov hlab ntsha colorimetric. cov
(7) Ntxiv dej distilled rau txhua qhov ntawm peb lub raj xim xim mus rau saum lub cim thiab co zoo. cov
(8) Siv ob lub wavelengths thiab ntsuas nrog lub spectrophotometer. Ua ntej, siv 10 hli quartz cuvette nrog lub wavelength ntawm 275nm (ib tug me ntsis laus dua) los ntsuas qhov khoob, dej nkag, thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej thiab suav lawv; Tom qab ntawd siv 10 hli quartz cuvette nrog lub wavelength ntawm 220nm (ib me ntsis laus dua) los ntsuas qhov khoob, qhov nkag, thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej. Nqa cov qauv dej hauv thiab tawm thiab suav lawv. cov
(9) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. cov
6. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Alkaline daws ntawm mercury thiab poov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ammonia los ua ib lub teeb liab-xim av colloidal compound. Cov xim no muaj zog nqus tshaj qhov dav wavelength ntau yam. Feem ntau cov wavelength siv rau kev ntsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 410-425nm. cov
2. Kev khaws cov qauv dej
Cov qauv dej tau sau rau hauv cov fwj polyethylene lossis iav fwj thiab yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam sai li sai tau. Yog tias tsim nyog, ntxiv sulfuric acid rau cov qauv dej kom acidify nws mus rau pH<2, thiab khaws cia ntawm 2-5 ° C. Acidified kuaj yuav tsum tau muab coj los tiv thaiv kev nqus ntawm ammonia hauv huab cua thiab kis kab mob. cov
3. Kev cuam tshuam thiab tshem tawm
Organic compounds xws li aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aldehydes, acetone, alcohols thiab organic nitrogen amines, as well as inorganic ions xws li hlau, manganese, magnesium thiab sulfur, ua rau cuam tshuam vim kev tsim cov xim sib txawv lossis turbidity. Cov xim thiab turbidity ntawm cov dej kuj cuam tshuam rau Colorimetric. Rau lub hom phiaj no, flocculation, sedimentation, pom los yog distillation pretreatment yog yuav tsum tau. Volatile txo cov khoom cuam tshuam kuj tuaj yeem ua kom sov nyob rau hauv cov kua qaub kom tshem tawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau ions, thiab tus nqi tsim nyog ntawm daim npog ntsej muag kuj tuaj yeem ntxiv los tshem tawm lawv. cov
4. Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm txoj kev
Qhov ntsuas pom tau qis tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev no yog 0.025 mg / l (photometric method), thiab qhov siab tshaj ntawm kev txiav txim siab yog 2 mg / l. Siv qhov pom kev colorimetry, qhov ntsuas pom qis tshaj plaws yog 0.02 mg / l. Tom qab tsim nyog pretreatment ntawm cov qauv dej, txoj kev no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv dej, dej hauv av, dej khib nyiab thiab dej phwj hauv tsev. cov
5. Cov cuab yeej
(1) Spectrophotometer. cov
(2) PH meter
6. Reagents
Tag nrho cov dej siv los npaj cov reagents yuav tsum tsis muaj ammonia. cov
(1) Nessler's reagent
Koj tuaj yeem xaiv ib qho ntawm cov hauv qab no los npaj:
1. Nyhav 20g ntawm poov tshuaj iodide thiab yaj nyob rau hauv li 25 ml ntawm dej. Ntxiv mercury dichloride (HgCl2) siv lead ua hmoov (kwv yees li 10g) hauv ib qho me me thaum nplawm. Thaum cov vermilion precipitate tshwm thiab nyuaj rau yaj, nws yog lub sij hawm ntxiv saturated dioxide dropwise. mercury tov thiab do kom huv si. Thaum vermilion precipitate tshwm thiab tsis yaj lawm, nres ntxiv cov tshuaj mercuric chloride. cov
Nqa lwm 60 g ntawm poov tshuaj hydroxide thiab yaj nws hauv dej, thiab dilute nws mus rau 250 ml. Tom qab txias rau chav sov, maj mam ncuav cov tshuaj saum toj no rau hauv cov tshuaj potassium hydroxide thaum nplawm, dilute nws nrog dej rau 400ml, thiab sib tov zoo. Cia sawv ntsug ib hmos, hloov lub supernatant mus rau lub raj mis polyethylene, thiab khaws cia nrog lub kaw ntom nti. cov
2. Nyhav 16g ntawm sodium hydroxide, dissolve nws nyob rau hauv 50ml dej, thiab tag nrho txias rau chav tsev kub. cov
Ntxiv 7 g ntawm poov tshuaj iodide thiab 10g ntawm mercury iodide (HgI2) thiab yaj hauv dej. Tom qab ntawd maj mam txhaj cov tshuaj no rau hauv cov tshuaj sodium hydroxide thaum nplawm, dilute nws nrog dej rau 100ml, khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis polyethylene, thiab kaw kom nruj. cov
(2) Potassium sodium acid tov
Qhov hnyav 50g ntawm poov tshuaj sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) thiab yaj hauv 100ml dej, cua sov thiab boil kom tshem tawm ammonia, txias thiab yaj mus rau 100ml. cov
(3) Ammonium txheem Tshuag tov
Qhov hnyav 3.819g ntawm ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) uas tau qhuav ntawm 100 degrees Celsius, yaj hauv dej, hloov mus rau 1000ml volumetric hwj, thiab dilute rau lub cim. Cov tshuaj no muaj 1.00mg ammonia nitrogen ib ml. cov
(4) Ammonium txheem tov
Pipette 5.00ml ntawm amine standard stock tov rau hauv 500ml volumetric hwj thiab dilute nrog dej rau lub cim. Cov tshuaj no muaj 0.010mg ammonia nitrogen ib ml. cov
7. Kev suav
Nrhiav cov ammonia nitrogen cov ntsiab lus (mg) los ntawm calibration nkhaus
Ammonia nitrogen (N, mg / l) = m / v * 1000
Hauv cov qauv, m - tus nqi ntawm ammonia nitrogen pom los ntawm kev ntsuas (mg), V - qhov ntim ntawm cov qauv dej (ml). cov
8. Tej yam yuav tsum nco ntsoov
(1) Qhov piv ntawm sodium iodide thiab poov tshuaj iodide muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xim. Lub precipitate tsim tom qab so yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm. cov
(2) Cov ntawv lim feem ntau muaj cov kua qaub ammonium, yog li yuav tsum ntxuav nws nrog dej tsis muaj ammonia thaum siv nws. Tag nrho cov iav iav yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ammonia paug nyob rau hauv chav kuaj huab cua. cov
9. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov khoom siv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej sib npaug. cov
(2) Muab cov qauv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob tso rau hauv 100mL beakers feem. cov
(3) Ntxiv 1 mL ntawm 10% zinc sulfate thiab 5 tee ntawm sodium hydroxide rau hauv ob lub beakers feem, thiab do nrog ob lub iav rods. cov
(4) Cia nws zaum 3 feeb thiab mam li pib lim. cov
(5) Muab cov qauv dej sawv ntsug rau hauv qhov lim dej. Tom qab filtering, ncuav tawm lub filtrate nyob rau hauv qab beaker. Tom qab ntawd siv lub beaker no los sau cov qauv dej seem hauv lub funnel. Kom txog rau thaum lub filtration tiav, ncuav lub filtrate nyob rau hauv qab beaker dua. Muab cov filtrate pov tseg. (Hauv lwm lo lus, siv cov lim dej los ntawm ib lub funnel los ntxuav lub beaker ob zaug)
(6) Lim cov qauv dej uas seem hauv cov beakers feem. cov
(7) Siv 3 lub raj xim xim. Ntxiv cov dej distilled rau thawj lub raj xim xim thiab ntxiv rau qhov teev; ntxiv 3-5mL ntawm cov dej inlet qauv filtrate rau lub thib ob colorimetric raj, thiab ces ntxiv distilled dej rau lub teev; ntxiv 2mL ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej lim rau lub raj xim thib peb. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv dej distilled rau lub cim. (Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj thiab tawm cov qauv lim dej tsis raug kho)
(8) Ntxiv 1 mL poov tshuaj sodium tartrate thiab 1.5 mL Nessler's reagent rau peb lub raj xim xim raws li. cov
(9) Co kom zoo thiab lub sijhawm rau 10 feeb. Siv lub spectrophotometer los ntsuas, siv lub wavelength ntawm 420nm thiab 20mm cuvette. xam. cov
(10) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. cov
7. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N)
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Hauv cov qauv dej hauv nruab nrab alkaline, nitrate tuaj yeem txo qis rau ammonia los ntawm kev txo tus neeg sawv cev (Daisler alloy) hauv qab cua sov. Tom qab distillation, nws yog absorbed rau hauv boric acid tov thiab ntsuas siv Nessler's reagent photometry los yog acid titration. . cov
2. Kev cuam tshuam thiab tshem tawm
Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, nitrite kuj raug txo kom ammonia thiab yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ua ntej. Ammonia thiab ammonia ntsev hauv cov qauv dej kuj tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua ntej distillation ua ntej ntxiv Daisch alloy. cov
Txoj kev no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm nitrate nitrogen hauv cov qauv dej phem heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem tuaj yeem siv rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm nitrite nitrogen hauv cov qauv dej (cov qauv dej yog txiav txim siab los ntawm alkaline pre-distillation kom tshem tawm ammonia thiab ammonium ntsev, thiab tom qab ntawd cov nitrite tag nrho cov ntsev, rho tawm tus nqi. ntawm nitrate ntsuas cais, yog tus nqi ntawm nitrite). cov
3. Cov cuab yeej
Nitrogen-fixing distillation ntaus ntawv nrog nitrogen pob. cov
4. Reagents
(1) Sulfamic acid tov: hnyav 1g ntawm sulfamic acid (HOSO2NH2), dissolve nws nyob rau hauv dej, thiab dilute mus rau 100ml. cov
(2) 1 + 1 hydrochloric acid
(3) Sodium hydroxide tov: Nyhav 300g ntawm sodium hydroxide, yaj nws hauv dej, thiab dilute rau 1000ml. cov
(4) Daisch alloy (Cu50: Zn5: Al45) hmoov. cov
(5) Boric acid tov: Nyhav 20g ntawm boric acid (H3BO3), yaj nws nyob rau hauv dej, thiab dilute mus rau 1000ml. cov
5. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov qauv uas tau txais los ntawm qhov taw tes 3 thiab qhov taw qhia reflux thiab muab tso rau kom meej rau lub sijhawm. cov
(2) Siv 3 lub raj xim xim. Ntxiv dej distilled rau thawj lub raj xim xim thiab ntxiv rau qhov ntsuas; ntxiv 3mL ntawm No. 3 spotting supernatant mus rau lub thib ob colorimetric raj, thiab ces ntxiv distilled dej rau lub teev; ntxiv 5mL ntawm reflux spotting supernatant mus rau lub thib peb colorimetric raj, ces ntxiv distilled dej rau lub cim. cov
(3) Siv 3 lub tais evaporating thiab ncuav cov kua hauv 3 lub raj xim xim rau hauv cov tais diav evaporating. cov
(4) Ntxiv 0.1 mol / L sodium hydroxide rau peb evaporating tais feem los kho pH mus rau 8. (Siv precision pH daim ntawv xeem, qhov ntau ntawm 5.5-9.0. Txhua yuav tsum tau txog 20 tee ntawm sodium hydroxide)
(5) Tig lub da dej, tso cov tais evaporating rau ntawm cov dej da dej, thiab teeb qhov kub ntawm 90 ° C kom txog thaum nws evaporated kom qhuav. (yuav siv li 2 teev)
(6) Tom qab evaporating kom qhuav, tshem tawm cov evaporating phaj thiab txias nws. cov
(7) Tom qab txias, ntxiv 1 mL ntawm phenol disulfonic acid rau peb evaporating lauj kaub tais diav, zom nrog ib tug iav pas nrig kom cov reagent tag nrho sib cuag nrog cov seem nyob rau hauv lub evaporating tais, cia nws sawv ntsug rau ib pliag, thiab ces zom dua. Tom qab tso nws rau 10 feeb, Ntxiv kwv yees li 10 mL ntawm distilled dej feem. cov
(8) Ntxiv 3-4mL ammonia dej rau hauv cov tais diav uas evaporating thaum nplawm, thiab tom qab ntawd txav mus rau hauv cov raj xim xim sib xws. Ntxiv dej distilled rau lub cim feem. cov
(9) Caw tusyees thiab ntsuas nrog lub spectrophotometer, siv 10mm cuvette (ib txwm iav, me ntsis tshiab) nrog lub wavelength ntawm 410nm. Thiab khaws suav. cov
(10) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. cov
8. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov pa oxygen yaj (DO)
Molecular oxygen yaj hauv dej yog hu ua yaj oxygen. Cov ntsiab lus oxygen yaj hauv cov dej ntuj yog nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov pa oxygen hauv dej thiab cua. cov
Feem ntau, txoj kev iodine yog siv los ntsuas cov pa oxygen.
1. Txoj hauv paus ntsiab lus
Manganese sulfate thiab alkaline potassium iodide ntxiv rau hauv cov qauv dej. Cov pa oxygen yaj hauv dej oxidizes tsawg-valent manganese rau high-valent manganese, tsim cov xim av precipitate ntawm tetravalent manganese hydroxide. Tom qab ntxiv cov kua qaub, hydroxide precipitate dissolves thiab reacts nrog iodide ions kom tso nws. Dawb iodine. Siv cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ua qhov taw qhia thiab titrating cov iodine tso tawm nrog sodium thiosulfate, cov ntsiab lus oxygen yaj tuaj yeem xam. cov
2. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Coj tus qauv ntawm qhov taw tes 9 hauv lub raj mis dav thiab cia nws zaum rau kaum feeb. (Thov nco ntsoov tias koj siv lub raj mis lub qhov ncauj dav thiab ua tib zoo mloog rau cov qauv qauv)
(2) Ntxig lub khob lub luj tshib rau hauv lub qhov ncauj qhov ncauj qauv, siv txoj kev siphon los nqus cov supernatant rau hauv lub raj mis oxygen yaj, ua ntej nqus me ntsis, yaug lub raj mis oxygen yaj 3 zaug, thiab thaum kawg nqus hauv lub supernatant mus sau nws nrog yaj oxygen. lub raj mis. cov
(3) Ntxiv 1mL manganese sulfate thiab 2mL alkaline potassium iodide rau hauv lub raj mis uas muaj oxygen tag nrho. (Nco ntsoov rau kev ceev faj thaum ntxiv, ntxiv los ntawm nruab nrab)
(4) Kaw lub raj mis oxygen yaj, co nce thiab nqis, co dua txhua ob peb feeb, thiab co peb zaug. cov
(5) Ntxiv 2mL ntawm cov concentrated sulfuric acid rau hauv lub raj mis oxygen yaj thiab co zoo. Cia nws zaum hauv qhov chaw tsaus rau tsib feeb. cov
(6) Ncuav sodium thiosulfate rau hauv alkaline buret (nrog roj hmab raj thiab iav hlaws dai. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kua qaub thiab alkaline burettes) mus rau qhov ntsuas kab thiab npaj rau titration. cov
(7) Tom qab cia nws sawv ntsug li 5 feeb, tshem tawm lub raj mis oxygen yaj tso rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, ncuav cov kua hauv lub raj mis oxygen yaj rau hauv 100mL yas ntsuas lub tog raj kheej, thiab yaug peb zaug. Thaum kawg ncuav rau 100mL cim ntawm ntsuas lub tog raj kheej. cov
(8) Ncuav cov kua rau hauv lub tog raj kheej ntsuas rau hauv lub hwj Erlenmeyer. cov
(9) Titrate nrog sodium thiosulfate rau hauv lub hwj Erlenmeyer kom txog thaum nws tsis muaj xim, tom qab ntawd ntxiv ib lub dropper ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, ces titrate nrog sodium thiosulfate kom txog thaum nws ploj mus, thiab sau cov ntawv nyeem. cov
(10) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. cov
Cov pa oxygen (mg / L) = M * V * 8 * 1000/100
M yog qhov concentration ntawm sodium thiosulfate tov (mol / L)
V yog qhov ntim ntawm sodium thiosulfate tov khoom noj thaum lub sij hawm titration (mL)
9. Tag nrho alkalinity
1. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov khoom siv dej nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob cov qauv dej sib npaug. cov
(2) Lim cov qauv dej tuaj (yog tias cov dej tuaj yeem huv si, tsis tas yuav pom), siv 100 mL kawm tiav lub tog raj kheej coj 100 mL ntawm cov lim mus rau hauv 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Siv 100mL kawm tiav lub tog raj kheej coj 100mL ntawm tus qauv shaken effluent mus rau lwm 500mL Erlenmeyer hwj. cov
(3) Ntxiv 3 tee ntawm methyl liab-methylene xiav qhov taw qhia rau ob lub Erlenmeyer flasks, uas hloov lub teeb ntsuab. cov
(4) Ncuav 0.01mol / L hydrogen ion standard tov rau hauv alkaline buret (nrog rau roj hmab raj thiab iav hlaws, 50mL. Cov alkaline burette siv nyob rau hauv dissolved oxygen ntsuas yog 25mL, them sai sai rau qhov txawv) rau lub cim. Hlau. cov
(5) Titrate cov tshuaj hydrogen ion txheej txheem rau hauv ob lub khob Erlenmeyer kom pom cov xim lavender, thiab sau cov ntim nyeem siv. (Nco ntsoov nyeem tom qab titrating ib qho thiab sau nws mus rau titrate rau lwm qhov. Cov qauv dej hauv dej yuav tsum muaj li plaub caug milliliters, thiab cov qauv dej qhov hluav taws xob xav tau txog kaum milliliters)
(6) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. Tus nqi ntawm hydrogen ion standard tov * 5 yog lub ntim. cov
10. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm sludge settling ratio (SV30)
1. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Siv 100mL ntsuas lub tog raj kheej. cov
(2) Co cov qauv retrieved ntawm taw tes 9 ntawm oxidation ditch tusyees thiab ncuav nws mus rau hauv lub ntsuas lub tog raj kheej mus rau lub sab sauv cim. cov
(3) 30 feeb tom qab pib lub sijhawm, nyeem qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm lub interface thiab sau nws. cov
11. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm sludge ntim index (SVI)
SVI yog ntsuas los ntawm kev faib cov sludge settling ratio (SV30) los ntawm cov sludge concentration (MLSS). Tab sis ceev faj txog converting units. Chav ntsuas ntawm SVI yog mL / g. cov
12. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm sludge concentration (MLSS)
1. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Co cov qauv coj mus rau ntawm point 9 thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov reflux taw tes sib npaug. cov
(2) Siv 100mL txhua tus qauv ntawm taw tes 9 thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov taw tes rov qab mus rau hauv lub tog raj kheej ntsuas. (Cov qauv ntawm taw tes 9 tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov sludge sedimentation ratio)
(3) Siv lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum rotary los lim cov qauv ntawm qhov taw tes 9 thiab cov qauv ntawm qhov reflux point nyob rau hauv ntsuas lub tog raj kheej feem. (Ua tib zoo saib rau kev xaiv cov ntawv lim. Cov ntawv lim siv yog cov ntawv lim dej hnyav ua ntej. Yog tias MLVSS yuav tsum tau ntsuas ntawm tus qauv ntawm point 9 nyob rau tib hnub, cov ntawv lim dej yuav tsum tau siv los lim cov qauv. Ntawm qhov taw tes 9. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv lim zoo yuav tsum tau siv ntxiv rau, ua tib zoo saib cov ntawv lim kom zoo thiab cov ntawv lim zoo.
(4) Tshem tawm cov ntawv lim lim ntawv cov av nkos thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov cub hluav taws xob kom qhuav. Qhov kub ntawm lub qhov cub kom qhuav nce mus rau 105 ° C thiab pib ziab rau 2 teev. cov
(5) Tshem tawm cov ntawv lim qhuav cov av nkos thiab muab tso rau hauv lub khob desiccator kom txias li ib nrab teev. cov
(6) Tom qab txias, ntsuas thiab suav siv qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob zoo. cov
(7) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. Sludge concentration (mg / L) = (sib npaug nyeem ntawv - qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntawv lim) * 10000
13. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum xeeb (MLVSS)
1. Kev ntsuas cov kauj ruam
(1) Tom qab ntsuas cov ntawv lim dej ntawm qhov taw tes 9 nrog qhov tseeb hluav taws xob sib npaug, muab cov ntawv lim cov av nkos coj mus rau hauv cov plooj (porcelain crucible) me me. cov
(2) Tig lub thawv-hom hluav taws xob ua kom sov, kho qhov kub kom txog 620 ° C, thiab muab cov plooj (porcelain crucible) me me tso rau hauv lub thawv-hom qhov cub rau li 2 teev. cov
(3) Tom qab ob teev, kaw lub thawv-hom tiv taus rauv. Tom qab txias rau 3 teev, qhib lub qhov rooj ntawm lub thawv-hom tiv thaiv rauv me ntsis thiab txias dua li ib nrab teev kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kub ntawm cov plooj (porcelain crucible) tsis tshaj 100 ° C. cov
(4) Tshem tawm cov plooj (porcelain crucible) thiab muab tso rau hauv lub khob desiccator kom txias dua li ntawm ib nrab teev, ntsuas nws ntawm qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob sib npaug, thiab sau cov ntawv nyeem. cov
(5) Cov txiaj ntsig suav. cov
Volatile organic tshuaj (mg / L) = (qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntawv lim dej cov qauv + qhov hnyav ntawm cov crucible me me - sib npaug nyeem ntawv) * 10000.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-19-2024
